Electrical engineering

Physics

Control engineering

Offset (computer science)

Mathematics

Engineering

Voltage

Power (physics)

Automatic frequency control

Grid

Renewable energy

Programming language

Reliability engineering

Geometry

Automatic Generation Control

Computer science

Photovoltaic system

Quantum mechanics

Electric power system

Frequency regulation

Voltage droop

Voltage divider

Distributed generation

Telecommunications

Dispatchable generation

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy

The paper proposes an optimal management strategy for a system composed by a battery and a photovoltaic power plant. This integrated system is called to deliver the photovoltaic power and to simultaneously provide droop-based primary frequency regulation to the main grid. The battery state-of-energy is controlled by power offset signals, which are determined using photovoltaic energy generation forecasts and predictions of the energy required to operate frequency regulation. A two level control architecture is developed. A day-ahead planning algorithm schedules the energy profile which is traded at the day-ahead market and defines the primary control reserve that the integrated system is able to provide in the considered day. During the day operations, a second level algorithm corrects the dispatched plan using updated information, in order to guarantee a continuous and reliable service. Both control algorithms take into account the uncertainties of the photovoltaic generation and of the frequency dynamics using stochastic optimization.

Day-Ahead and Intra-Day Planning of Integrated BESS-PV Systems Providing Frequency Regulation