Perspective (graphical)

Sociology

Archaeology

Value (mathematics)

Government (linguistics)

Social science

Biology

Politics

Algorithm

Triple helix

Machine learning

Philosophy

Political science

Interdependence

Artificial intelligence

Geography

Ecology

Helix (gastropod)

Snail

Context (archaeology)

Public relations

Computer science

Linguistics

Civil society

State (computer science)

Genetics

Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship

A regional smart specialization initiative is investigated from a quadruple helix framework (industry, government, academia, and users/civil society). Based on a qualitative case study, we examine the interdependencies of actors, resources, and activities from a micro perspective. The aim is to understand the relationships and the value created between the different actors. From the results we conclude that the fourth helix should be viewed as a whole – an arena where triple helix actors in different value adding relationships take on different roles – where they create value to civil society, for example, new jobs or products for improved elderly care. In line with this, we state that the fourth helix is far more complex than limiting it to simply become a fourth separate helix of users or civil society. There is a complexity in that the fourth helix consists of both different users (including triple helix actors) as well as civil society. Users in the quadruple helix framework can also be defined in several ways depending on the context of the arena (the fourth helix) and what value adding activities they bring to civil society. Thus, users can be businesses, organizations, citizens, society, and many more things.

Quadruple helix as a network of relationships: creating value within a Swedish regional innovation system