Algorithm

Legislature

Legislator

Legislation

Distribution (mathematics)

Redistricting

Economics

Computer science

Gerrymandering

Constitutionality

Mathematics

Politics

Political science

Democracy

Econometrics

Criminology

Sociology

Mathematical analysis

Representation (politics)

Supreme court

Generalization

State (computer science)

Election Law Journal Rules Politics and Policy

One way to assess the presence of gerrymandering is to analyze the distribution of votes. The efficiency gap, which does this, plays a central role in a 2016 federal court case on the constitutionality of Wisconsin's state legislative district plan. Unfortunately, however, the efficiency gap reduces to proportional representation, an expectation that is not a constitutional right. We present a new measure of partisan asymmetry that does not rely on the shapes of districts, is simple to compute, is provably related to the “packing and cracking” integral to gerrymandering, and that avoids the constitutionality issue presented by the efficiency gap. In addition, we introduce a generalization of the efficiency gap that also avoids the equivalency to proportional representation. We apply the first function to U.S. congressional and state legislative plans from recent decades to identify candidate gerrymanders.

Quantifying Gerrymandering Using the Vote Distribution