Linguistics

Cognitive psychology

Philosophy

Biology

Similarity (geometry)

Computer science

Paleontology

Natural language processing

Psychology

Image (mathematics)

Inference

Artificial intelligence

Series (stratigraphy)

Sentence

Information retrieval

Concreteness

Word (group theory)

Speech recognition

Computer Speech & Language

Sentence representation at the semantic level is a challenging task for natural language processing and Artificial Intelligence. Despite the advances in word embeddings (i.e. word vector representations), capturing sentence meaning is an open question due to complexities of semantic interactions among words. In this paper, we present an embedding method, which is aimed at learning unsupervised sentence representations from unlabeled text. We propose an unsupervised method that models a sentence as a weighted series of word embeddings. The weights of the series are fitted by using Shannon’s Mutual Information (MI) among words, sentences and the corpus. In fact, the Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency transform (TF–IDF) is a reliable estimate of such MI. Our method offers advantages over existing ones: identifiable modules, short-term training, online inference of (unseen) sentence representations, as well as independence from domain, external knowledge and linguistic annotation resources. Results showed that our model, despite its concreteness and low computational cost, was competitive with the state of the art in well-known Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) tasks.

Unsupervised sentence representations as word information series: Revisiting TF–IDF