Deep learning

Correlation

Sociology

Pattern recognition (psychology)

Polymer chemistry

Feature (linguistics)

Modalities

Mathematics

Social science

Literature

Speech coding

Philosophy

Canonical correlation

Artificial intelligence

Chemistry

Lyrics

Geometry

Modality (human–computer interaction)

Computer science

Linguistics

Feature extraction

Audio signal

Modal

Speech recognition

Feature learning

ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications

Deep cross-modal learning has successfully demonstrated excellent performance in cross-modal multimedia retrieval, with the aim of learning joint representations between different data modalities. Unfortunately, little research focuses on cross-modal correlation learning where temporal structures of different data modalities, such as audio and lyrics, should be taken into account. Stemming from the characteristic of temporal structures of music in nature, we are motivated to learn the deep sequential correlation between audio and lyrics. In this work, we propose a deep cross-modal correlation learning architecture involving two-branch deep neural networks for audio modality and text modality (lyrics). Data in different modalities are converted to the same canonical space where intermodal canonical correlation analysis is utilized as an objective function to calculate the similarity of temporal structures. This is the first study that uses deep architectures for learning the temporal correlation between audio and lyrics. A pretrained Doc2Vec model followed by fully connected layers is used to represent lyrics. Two significant contributions are made in the audio branch, as follows: (i) We propose an end-to-end network to learn cross-modal correlation between audio and lyrics, where feature extraction and correlation learning are simultaneously performed and joint representation is learned by considering temporal structures. (ii) And, as for feature extraction, we further represent an audio signal by a short sequence of local summaries (VGG16 features) and apply a recurrent neural network to compute a compact feature that better learns the temporal structures of music audio. Experimental results, using audio to retrieve lyrics or using lyrics to retrieve audio, verify the effectiveness of the proposed deep correlation learning architectures in cross-modal music retrieval.

Deep Cross-Modal Correlation Learning for Audio and Lyrics in Music Retrieval