Nanotechnology

Electrode

Electrocatalyst

Anode

Semiconductor

Physical chemistry

Chemistry

Materials science

Layer (electronics)

Electrolyte

Optoelectronics

Electrochemistry

Semiconductor device

Nature Materials

The semiconductor–electrolyte interface dominates the behaviours of semiconductor electrocatalysis, which has been modelled as a Schottky-analogue junction according to classical electron transfer theories. However, this model cannot be used to explain the extremely high carrier accumulations in ultrathin semiconductor catalysis observed in our work. Inspired by the recently developed ion-controlled electronics, we revisit the semiconductor–electrolyte interface and unravel a universal self-gating phenomenon through microcell-based in situ electronic/electrochemical measurements to clarify the electronic-conduction modulation of semiconductors during the electrocatalytic reaction. We then demonstrate that the type of semiconductor catalyst strongly correlates with their electrocatalysis; that is, n-type semiconductor catalysts favour cathodic reactions such as the hydrogen evolution reaction, p-type ones prefer anodic reactions such as the oxygen evolution reaction and bipolar ones tend to perform both anodic and cathodic reactions. Our study provides new insight into the electronic origin of the semiconductor–electrolyte interface during electrocatalysis, paving the way for designing high-performance semiconductor catalysts. The semiconductor–electrolyte interface dominates the behaviour of semiconductor electrocatalysts. Inspired by ion-controlled electronics a universal self-gating phenomenon is now proposed to explain transport modulation during electrocatalytic reaction.

Self-gating in semiconductor electrocatalysis