Gene

Marketing

Biology

Alignment-free sequence analysis

Benchmarking

Data mining

Computer science

Computational biology

Business

Computer network

Genetics

Sequence (biology)

Mathematics

Inference

Multiple sequence alignment

Mathematical analysis

Data science

Artificial intelligence

Tree (set theory)

Sequence alignment

Peptide sequence

Smith–Waterman algorithm

Machine learning

Resource (disambiguation)

Genome biology

Alignment-free (AF) sequence comparison is attracting persistent interest driven by data-intensive applications. Hence, many AF procedures have been proposed in recent years, but a lack of a clearly defined benchmarking consensus hampers their performance assessment. Here, we present a community resource ( http://afproject.org ) to establish standards for comparing alignment-free approaches across different areas of sequence-based research. We characterize 74 AF methods available in 24 software tools for five research applications, namely, protein sequence classification, gene tree inference, regulatory element detection, genome-based phylogenetic inference, and reconstruction of species trees under horizontal gene transfer and recombination events. The interactive web service allows researchers to explore the performance of alignment-free tools relevant to their data types and analytical goals. It also allows method developers to assess their own algorithms and compare them with current state-of-the-art tools, accelerating the development of new, more accurate AF solutions.

Benchmarking of alignment-free sequence comparison methods