Physics

Nanotechnology

Component-based software engineering

Relaxation (psychology)

Mathematics

Domain (mathematical analysis)

Nucleation

Engineering physics

Software system

Dielectric

Mathematical analysis

Psychology

Materials science

Programming language

Software

Computer science

Quantum mechanics

Optoelectronics

Domain engineering

Electric field

Social psychology

Ferroelectricity

Thermodynamics

Reports on Progress in Physics

Ferroelectric materials have been utilized in a broad range of electronic, optical, and electromechanical applications and hold the promise for the design of future high-density nonvolatile memories and multifunctional nano-devices. The applications of ferroelectric materials stem from the ability to switch polarized domains by applying an electric field, and therefore a fundamental understanding of the switching dynamics is critical for design of practical devices. In this review, we summarize the progress in the study of the microscopic process of ferroelectric domain switching using recently developed in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We first briefly introduce the instrumentation, experimental procedures, imaging mechanisms, and analytical methods of the state-of-the-art in situ TEM techniques. The application of these techniques to studying a wide range of complex switching phenomena, including domain nucleation, domain wall motion, domain relaxation, domain-defect interaction, and the interplay between different types of domains, is demonstrated. The underlying physics of these dynamic processes are discussed.

Real-time studies of ferroelectric domain switching: a review