Algorithm

Usability

Engineering

Operating system

Set (abstract data type)

Scalability

Data mining

Computer science

Code (set theory)

Mathematics

Tree traversal

Inference

Mathematical analysis

Operations management

Artificial intelligence

Tree (set theory)

Programming language

Metric (unit)

Bioinformatics

Phylogenies are important for fundamental biological research, but also have numerous applications in biotechnology, agriculture and medicine. Finding the optimal tree under the popular maximum likelihood (ML) criterion is known to be NP-hard. Thus, highly optimized and scalable codes are needed to analyze constantly growing empirical datasets.We present RAxML-NG, a from-scratch re-implementation of the established greedy tree search algorithm of RAxML/ExaML. RAxML-NG offers improved accuracy, flexibility, speed, scalability, and usability compared with RAxML/ExaML. On taxon-rich datasets, RAxML-NG typically finds higher-scoring trees than IQTree, an increasingly popular recent tool for ML-based phylogenetic inference (although IQ-Tree shows better stability). Finally, RAxML-NG introduces several new features, such as the detection of terraces in tree space and the recently introduced transfer bootstrap support metric.The code is available under GNU GPL at https://github.com/amkozlov/raxml-ng. RAxML-NG web service (maintained by Vital-IT) is available at https://raxml-ng.vital-it.ch/.Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference