Blended learning

Teaching method

Mathematics education

Moderation

Statistics

Social psychology

Computer science

Statistical analysis

Flipped classroom

Educational technology

Psychology

Mathematics

Class size

Academic achievement

Meta-analysis

Internal medicine

Artificial intelligence

Medicine

Class (philosophy)

Flipped learning

Educational Research Review

In a flipped classroom, students study instructional material before class and apply this material during class. To provide a statistical synthesis of current research on effects of flipped classrooms, we conducted meta-analyses that included 114 studies which compared flipped and non-flipped classrooms in secondary and postsecondary education. We found a small positive effect on learning outcomes, but no effect was found on student satisfaction regarding the learning environment. In addition, we found considerable heterogeneity between studies. Moderator analyses showed that students in flipped classrooms achieve higher learning outcomes when the face-to-face class time was not reduced compared to non-flipped classrooms, or when quizzes were added in the flipped classrooms. We conclude that a flipping the classroom (FTC) approach is a promising pedagogical approach when appropriately designed. Our results provide insights into effective instructional FTC design characteristics that support an evidence-informed application of FTC.

Effects of flipping the classroom on learning outcomes and satisfaction: A meta-analysis