Ecosystem service synergies/trade-offs informing the supply-demand match of ecosystem services: Framework and application

Ecosystem services (ES) underpin human well-being, but their complex synergies or trade-offs are a challenge for matching ES supply and demand. This study presents a framework for integrating ES synergies/trade-offs and approaches (“win-win”, “small loss-big gain” and “ES replacement”) to improve the match between ES supply and demand. We applied the framework in a watershed on China’s Hainan Island, where local ES supply and demand are severely...