Sociology

Business

Work (physics)

Key (lock)

Engineering

Political science

Geography

Law and economics

Process management

Scale (ratio)

Computer science

Cartography

Autonomy

Computer security

Mechanical engineering

Ocean Development & International Law

The article seeks to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for the ongoing regulatory discussions on autonomous ships at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). It elaborates on the distinction between the level of autonomy and the level of manning and highlights the sliding scale that features in both. Certain building blocks that are needed for regulating autonomous ships are identified, followed by an assessment of how key existing IMO rules deal with the challenges and an analysis of available precedents. The conclusion is that the on-going exercise is unique, almost without precedent, and that the work that has just started at IMO, so far at least, fails to address the most important—and complex—regulatory challenges.

Regulating Autonomous Ships—Concepts, Challenges and Precedents