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Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

An additional $U(1)$ gauge interaction is one of the promising extensions of the standard model of particle physics. Among others, the $U(1{)}_{B\ensuremath{-}L}$ gauge symmetry is particularly interesting because it addresses the origin of Majorana masses of right-handed neutrinos, which naturally leads to tiny light neutrino masses through the seesaw mechanism. We show that, based on the minimal $U(1{)}_{B\ensuremath{-}L}$ model, the symmetry breaking of the extra $U(1)$ gauge symmetry with its minimal Higgs sector in the early universe can exhibit the first-order phase transition and hence generate a large enough amplitude of stochastic gravitational wave radiation that is detectable in future experiments.

Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> model

Gravitational waves from the minimal gauged U(1)B−L model