Sociology

Citizen journalism

Unintended consequences

Participatory democracy

Mathematics

Politics

Political economy

Political science

Psychology

Geometry

Disenchantment

Frustration

Civil society

Democracy

Product (mathematics)

Social psychology

Administration & Society

Most research on participatory processes has stressed the positive effects that these institutions have in the relationships between public authorities and civil society. This article analyzes a more negative product that has received scant attention: participatory frustration. Departing from Hirschman’s cycles of involvement and detachment, the article shows four paths toward frustration after engaging in institutional participatory processes: (a) inflated expectations, (b) the failure of design and adjusting mechanisms, (c) poor results, and (d) abrupt discontinuations. Drawing on six cases in Spanish cities, this article proposes a reflection on how participatory reforms can contribute to feed frustration and political disenchantment.

Participatory Frustration: The Unintended Cultural Effect of Local Democratic Innovations