Marketing

Engineering

Service (business)

Stochastic game

Smart contract

Microeconomics

Enforcement

Computer security

Operating system

Economics

Blockchain

Computer science

Cloud computing

Collusion

Business

Service-level agreement

Witness

Operations research

Political science

Nash equilibrium

Industrial organization

Programming language

Credibility

Traditional cloud Service Level Agreement (SLA) suffers from lacking a trustworthy platform for automatic enforcement.The emerging blockchain technique brings in an immutable solution for tracking transactions among business partners.However, it is still very challenging to prove the credibility of possible violations in the SLA before recording them onto the blockchain.To tackle this challenge, we propose a witness model using game theory and the smart contract techniques.The proposed model extends the existing service model with a new role called "witness" for detecting and reporting service violations.Witnesses gain revenue as an incentive for performing these duties, and the payoff function is carefully designed in a way that trustworthiness is guaranteed: in order to get the maximum profit, the witness has to always tell the truth.This is analyzed and proved through game theory using the Nash equilibrium principle.In addition, an unbiased sortition algorithm is proposed to ensure the randomness of the independent witnesses selection from the decentralized witness pool, to avoid possible unfairness or collusion.An auditing mechanism is also introduced in the paper to detect potential irrational or malicious witnesses.We have prototyped the system leveraging the smart contracts of Ethereum blockchain.Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model and indicate good performance in accordance with the design expectations.

A Blockchain based Witness Model for Trustworthy Cloud Service Level Agreement Enforcement