Waterfowl

Highly pathogenic

Habitat

Engineering

Ecology

Biology

Virology

Epizootiology

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Genetics

Microbiology

Goose

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

Infectious disease (medical specialty)

Avian influenza virus

Pathogenicity

Medicine

Transmission (telecommunications)

Virus

Influenza A virus

Host (biology)

H5N1 genetic structure

Disease

Transmission and infection of H5N1

Electrical engineering

Pathology

Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses