Complementarity (molecular biology)

Biology

International business

Economic system

Economics

Market economy

Computer science

Typology

Anthropology

Business

Economic geography

Genetics

Process management

Management

Organizational culture

Sociology

Industrial organization

Knowledge management

Division of labour

Journal of International Business Studies

Although international business scholars have begun to recognize the division of entrepreneurial labor between MNEs and SMEs, there is a fragmented understanding of the different forms MNE–SME cooperation can take. We develop a typology that takes into account not only complementarity of capabilities but also, crucially, the compatibility of intent between MNEs (exploration vs. exploitation) and SMEs (international vs. domestic orientation). The framework offers a novel way to understand the forms and dynamics of MNE–SME cooperation. We also show how it can be applied more broadly, by considering its application to societal challenges, such as achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

MNE–SME cooperation: An integrative framework