Stigma (botany)

Context (archaeology)

Psychoanalysis

Biology

Social psychology

Psychiatry

Paleontology

Immunology

Men who have sex with men

Sexual orientation

Sexual minority

Psychology

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Syphilis

Medicine

Clinical psychology

Homosexuality

Journal of Health Psychology

Internalized stigma undermines health among people diagnosed with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), yet limited research has examined how internalized stigma develops. Black gay and bisexual men (n = 151) reported their race and sexual orientation internalized stigma once before HIV/STI diagnosis and their HIV/STI internalized stigma monthly for 1 year after HIV/STI diagnosis. Multilevel analyses demonstrated that race and sexual orientation internalized stigma before diagnosis were associated with greater HIV/STI internalized stigma after diagnosis. More research is needed to understand how internalized stigma develops, including within the context of other identities and broader environmental characteristics to inform intervention efforts.

Intersectional internalized stigma among Black gay and bisexual men: A longitudinal analysis spanning HIV/sexually transmitted infection diagnosis