Convection

Physics

Arc welding

Weld pool

Mechanics

Engineering

Composite material

Plasma arc welding

Shear stress

Metallurgy

Materials science

Welding

Deformation (meteorology)

Keyhole

Convective heat transfer

Arc (geometry)

Gas tungsten arc welding

Mechanical engineering

Fluid dynamics

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

An electrode-arc model, and a three dimensional weld pool model considering the self-adaptive heat source, the shear stress caused by plasma flow, and…

Elucidation of the weld pool convection and keyhole formation mechanism in the keyhole plasma arc welding