Metal

Scale (ratio)

Engineering

Ecology

Biology

Cartography

Metalloid

Environmental remediation

Soil water

Soil remediation

Environmental planning

Waste management

Organic chemistry

Geography

Environmental chemistry

Soil contamination

Contamination

Environmental quality

Environmental science

Soil science

Heavy metals

Chemistry

Contaminated land

Water Research

Soil contamination by heavy metals and metalloids has been a major concern to human health and environmental quality. While many remediation technologies have been tested at the bench scale, there have been only limited reports at the field scale. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the field applications of various soil remediation technologies performed over the last decade or so. Under the general categories of physical, chemical, and biological approaches, ten remediation techniques were critically reviewed. The technical feasibility and economic effectiveness were evaluated, and the pros and cons were appraised. In addition, attention was placed to the environmental impacts of the remediation practices and long-term stability of the contaminants, which should be taken into account in the establishment of remediation goals and environmental criteria. Moreover, key knowledge gaps and practical challenges are identified.

An overview of field-scale studies on remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals and metalloids: Technical progress over the last decade