air conditioning

refrigeration cycle

cooling

coefficient performance

evaporative cooling

refrigeration systems

center cooling

Applied Energy

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems (VCRS) are widely used to provide cooling or freezing for domestic/office buildings, supermarkets, data centres, etc., which expend 15% of globally electricity and contribute to ∼10% of greenhouse gas emissions globally. It is reported that cooling demand is expected to grow tenfold by 2050. Therefore, it is critical to improve the efficiency of the VCRS. In this paper, a comprehensive review of advanced and hot technologies is conducted for the VCRS. These technologies include radiative cooling, cold energy storage, defrosting and frost-free, temperature and humidity independent control (THIC), ground source heat pump (GSHP), refrigerant subcooling, and condensing heat recovery. Radiative cooling could produce a cold source ∼8 °C lower than the surroundings, which reduces the electricity consumption of the VCRS by ∼21%; cold energy storage is used to shift the peak cooling load, and as a result, the electricity consumption and operation cost of the VCRS could be reduced by ∼12% and ∼32%, respectively; frosting is a big issue of the VCRS especially for freezing applications, and more than 60% of electricity consumption for defrosting could be saved with the advanced defrosting and frost-free technologies; THIC deals with the building sensible load and latent load separately, which not only increases the COP of the VCRS by ∼35%, but also improves the building thermal comfort; GSHP uses the ground as a low-temperature cooling source for condensing the refrigerant in the VCRS in summer, which decreases the condensing temperature by ∼5 °C and correspondingly increases the COP of the VCRS by ∼14%; refrigerant subcooling and condensing heat recovery can increase the refrigerating capacity and achieve multi-functions of the VCRS, respectively. The review is summarized in terms of the technology classification, basic ideas, advantages/disadvantages, current research status and efforts to be made in the future.

Energy-efficient and -economic technologies for air conditioning with vapor compression refrigeration: A comprehensive review