Burst mode (computing)

Detector

Pixel

Engineering

Free-electron laser

Amplifier

Computer science

High-gain antenna

Photonics

Photon

Laser

Physics

Optics

Image (mathematics)

Artificial intelligence

Frame rate

Noise (video)

CMOS

Optoelectronics

Dynamic range

Electrical engineering

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector (AGIPD) is an X-ray imager, custom designed for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). It is a fast, low-noise integrating detector, with an adaptive gain amplifier per pixel. This has an equivalent noise of less than 1 keV when detecting single photons and, when switched into another gain state, a dynamic range of more than 10 4 photons of 12 keV. In burst mode the system is able to store 352 images while running at up to 6.5 MHz, which is compatible with the 4.5 MHz frame rate at the European XFEL. The AGIPD system was installed and commissioned in August 2017, and successfully used for the first experiments at the Single Particles, Clusters and Biomolecules (SPB) experimental station at the European XFEL since September 2017. This paper describes the principal components and performance parameters of the system.

The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector at the European XFEL