Pattern recognition (psychology)

Archaeology

Feature (linguistics)

Politics

Operating system

Machine learning

Engineering

Philosophy

Political science

Artificial intelligence

Systems engineering

Geography

Set (abstract data type)

Programming language

Representation (politics)

Space (punctuation)

Context (archaeology)

Computer science

Linguistics

Task (project management)

Data set

IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing

In this paper, we carry out an extensive study of social involvement in free standing conversing groups (the so-called F-formations) from static images. By introducing a novel feature representation, we show that the standard features which have been used to represent full membership in an F-formation cannot be applied to the detection of so-called associates of F-formations due to their sparser nature. We also enrich state-of-the-art F-formation modelling by learning a frustum of attention that accounts for the spatial context. That is, F-formation configurations vary with respect to the arrangement of furniture and the non-uniform crowdedness in the space during mingling scenarios. Moroever, the majority of prior works have considered the labelling of conversing groups as an objective task, requiring only a single annotator. However, we show that by embracing the subjectivity of social involvement, we not only generate a richer model of the social interactions in a scene but can use the detected associates to improve initial estimates of the full members of an F-formation. We carry out extensive experimental validation of our proposed approach by collecting a novel set of multi-annotator labels of involvement on two publicly available datasets; The Idiap Poster Data and SALSA data set. Moreover, we show that parameters learned from the Idiap Poster Data can be transferred to the SALSA data, showing the power of our proposed representation in generalising over new unseen data from a different environment.

On Social Involvement in Mingling Scenarios: Detecting Associates of F-Formations in Still Images