Type 2 diabetes

Human physiology

Endocrinology

Immunology

Internal medicine

Type 1 diabetes

Medicine

Antibody

Diabetes mellitus

Diabetologia

Autoantibodies AUArbitrary units ld-IL-2 Low-dose IL-2 hd-IL-2 High-dose IL-2 rhIL-2Recombinant human IL-2Recently, Pérol et al [5] reported anti-IL-2 aAbs in NOD mice and in approximately 20% of individuals with type 1 diabetes using a solid-phase assay.Given the central role of IL-2 in immune tolerance [6], Pérol et al proposed that anti-IL-2 aAbs could impair immune tolerance and play a causal role in type 1 diabetes.However, these results have been recently challenged.Using a liquid-phase detection assay rather than IL-2-coated plates, Marzinotto et al [7] did not find any differences in the anti-IL-2 reactivity of individuals with or without type 1 diabetes, and concluded that the results 'do not support the presence of IL-2 autoantibodies or their relevance for the pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes' [7].To further address the existence and relevance of anti-IL-2 aAbs in type 1 diabetes, we analysed sera from individuals with type 1 diabetes and various controls, including participants treated with low-dose IL-2 (ld-IL-2) (written informed consent was obtained before enrolment and clinical trials were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki).We previously reported that we did not detect anti-IL-2 aAbs in individuals with type 1 diabetes who were enrolled in our ld-IL-2 trial (DF-IL2 [8], NCT01353833) when measuring total immunoglobulins [9].As Pérol et al [5] measured anti-

IL-2 antibodies in type 1 diabetes and during IL-2 therapy