Energy consumption

Engineering

Environmental impact of the energy industry

Ecology

Energy development

Biology

Environmental economics

Nuclear power

Granger causality

Economics

Cointegration

Energy policy

Greenhouse gas

Renewable energy

Econometrics

Sociology

Consumption (sociology)

Natural resource economics

Electrical engineering

Social science

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

This paper investigates the determinants of carbon emissions based on energy consumption, analyzing the data of 30 countries using nuclear energy for the period 1990–2014. Renewable energy and nuclear energy consumption are adopted as determinants, and real coal price and real GDP are used as additive variables. The panel cointegration analysis and Granger causality tests are conducted to investigating the relationship among the variables. First, the panel cointegration test results suggest that long-run equilibrium relationship exists among carbon emissions, renewable energy consumption, and nuclear energy consumption. The results of the long-run cointegrating vector and Granger causality tests indicate that nuclear energy does not contribute to carbon reduction unlike renewable energy. Thus, the development and expansion of renewable, not nuclear, energy are essential to prevent global warming. Though there is a concern that rising energy prices caused by the expansion of renewable energy may impact the economy negatively, our empirical results also imply that renewable energy consumption will promote economic growth. In other words, our evidence shows that using and expanding renewable energy is both economically and ecologically beneficial.

What is better for mitigating carbon emissions – Renewable energy or nuclear energy? A panel data analysis