photonic crystal

frequency range

lithium niobate

modulator based

optical waveguides

terahertz thz

Optics Express

We present a thin film crystal ion sliced (CIS) LiNbO<sub>3</sub> phase modulator that demonstrates an unprecedented measured electro-optic (EO) response up to 500 GHz. Shallow rib waveguides are utilized for guiding a single transverse electric (TE) optical mode, and Au coplanar waveguides (CPWs) support the modulating radio frequency (RF) mode. Precise index matching between the co-propagating RF and optical modes is responsible for the device's broadband response, which is estimated to extend even beyond 500 GHz. Matching the velocities of these co-propagating RF and optical modes is realized by cladding the modulator's interaction region in a thin UV15 polymer layer, which increases the RF modal index. The fabricated modulator possesses a tightly confined optical mode, which lends itself to a strong interaction between the modulating RF field and the guided optical carrier; resulting in a measured DC half-wave voltage of 3.8 V·cm<sup>-1</sup>. The design, fabrication, and characterization of our broadband modulator is presented in this work.

Thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with terahertz operating bandwidth