Concentrator

Engineering

Heat transfer

Materials science

Passive cooling

Heat flux

Active cooling

Mechanical engineering

Microchannel

Physics

Nuclear engineering

Nanotechnology

Environmental science

Radiator (engine cooling)

Heat sink

Mechanics

Photovoltaics

Water cooling

Photovoltaic system

Electrical engineering

Engineering physics

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

The intensifying heat flux demands of concentrator photovoltaics requires innovation beyond conventional passive air cooling. Passive cooling is cost effective, reliable and does not consume power. Flat lens arrangements should allow large passive heat sinks to cool at solar concentrations of up to 2000 suns to 4000 suns (1 sun = 1000 W/m2). However, as solar concentrations increase so will the necessity of active cooling. The competitiveness of active cooling is enhanced by the capacity to harvest otherwise wasted thermal energy. Pairing with phase change materials presents an opportunity to stabilise the intermittent generation of solar thermal energy. Active microchannel cooling is a strong candidate for meeting the escalating heat flux demands of concentrator photovoltaics. For meeting short term-heat flux demands, established single phase microchannel cooling is most practical. Manifold microchannels yield superior performance to single layered microchannels, although they are more difficult to manufacture. For meeting long term heat flux demands, integration of boiling flows is promising. Jet impingement onto porous microstructures demonstrates effective mitigation of flow instabilities. Future studies should apply microchannel cooling directly to concentrator photovoltaics, particularly two-phase systems. They should also test microchannel cooling over larger heater areas and consider manufacturability of heat sinks. Novel directions should also be explored, such as alteration of typically rectangular and straight manifold microchannels or use of micro-valves to suppress boiling instabilities. Incipient cooling methods, including vortex shedding, ionic jet impingement, slug flow and shear driven gas flow, may also warrant further investigations.

Microchannel cooling of concentrator photovoltaics: A review