Oceanography

Image (mathematics)

Optics

Physics

Image formation

Geology

Function (biology)

Current (fluid)

Underwater acoustic communication

Attenuation

Programming language

Acoustics

SIGNAL (programming language)

Wideband

Backscatter (email)

Computer vision

Computer science

Wireless

Wavelength

Transmission (telecommunications)

Telecommunications

Evolutionary biology

Biology

Thermodynamics

Underwater

The current underwater image formation model descends from atmospheric dehazing equations where attenuation is a weak function of wavelength. We recently showed that this model introduces significant errors and dependencies in the estimation of the direct transmission signal because underwater, light attenuates in a wavelength-dependent manner. Here, we show that the backscattered signal derived from the current model also suffers from dependencies that were previously unaccounted for. In doing so, we use oceanographic measurements to derive the physically valid space of backscatter, and further show that the wideband coefficients that govern backscatter are different than those that govern direct transmission, even though the current model treats them to be the same. We propose a revised equation for underwater image formation that takes these differences into account, and validate it through in situ experiments underwater. This revised model might explain frequent instabilities of current underwater color reconstruction models, and calls for the development of new methods.

A Revised Underwater Image Formation Model