plasma exchange

platelet activation

Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy

Platelet additive solutions (PASs) have undergone many reformulations in order to further improve platelet storage. Studies of platelets stored in PAS-F (containing acetate, magnesium and potassium as key constituents) showed that platelets may be stored for 13 days with recovery and survival outcomes that are equal or even superior to 7-day stored platelets in plasma. Clinically, patients transfused with platelets in PAS have fewer allergic reactions, while for febrile reactions data are conflicting. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) occurs less frequently if PAS is used for buffy coat-derived platelets, but for apheresis platelets there is no difference. For PAS-B and PAS-C, corrected count increments (CCIs) are lower than for platelets stored in plasma, but for PAS-E (like PAS-F also with acetate, magnesium and potassium but with additional phosphate), though limited data is available in the literature, the CCIs seem to be comparable to those observed for platelets in plasma. With platelets in PAS, there is an accumulated dilution effect of anticoagulant and PAS as well as a loss of number and function (due to storage and/or pathogen inactivation treatment) of platelets, of which it is not clear how this impacts clinical outcomes of patients undergoing massive transfusion. Worst-case in vitro studies, where the entire plasma fraction is replaced by supernatant of platelets in PAS, do show an effect on the ability of reconstituted whole blood to clot, but in a more realistic scenario, functional clotting parameters are not different. In this review, recent laboratory and clinical data are discussed, focusing on studies published after 2010.

Platelet Additive Solutions: A Review of the Latest Developments and Their Clinical Implications