Geology

Relevance (law)

Musical

Oceanography

Baseline (sea)

Visual arts

Political science

Artificial intelligence

Emotion recognition

Music information retrieval

Computer science

Speech recognition

Affective computing

IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing

This work advances the music emotion recognition state-of-the-art by proposing novel emotionally-relevant audio features. We reviewed the existing audio features implemented in well-known frameworks and their relationships with the eight commonly defined musical concepts. This knowledge helped uncover musical concepts lacking computational extractors, to which we propose algorithms - namely related with musical texture and expressive techniques. To evaluate our work, we created a public dataset of 900 audio clips, with subjective annotations following Russell's emotion quadrants. The existent audio features (baseline) and the proposed features (novel) were tested using 20 repetitions of 10-fold cross-validation. Adding the proposed features improved the F1-score to 76.4 percent (by 9 percent), when compared to a similar number of baseline-only features. Moreover, analysing the features relevance and results uncovered interesting relations, namely the weight of specific features and musical concepts to each emotion quadrant, and warrant promising new directions for future research in the field of music emotion recognition, interactive media, and novel music interfaces.

Novel Audio Features for Music Emotion Recognition