Linguistics

Philosophy

Stress (linguistics)

Game design

Computer science

Physiological stress

Stress reduction

Physiology

Psychology

Applied psychology

Modalities

Sociology

Medicine

Level design

Human–computer interaction

Social science

Health & Place

Everyday environmental conditions impact human health. One mechanism underlying this relationship is the experience of stress. Through systematic review of published literature, we explore how stress has been measured in real-time non-laboratory studies of stress responses to deliberate exposure to outdoor environments. The types of exposures evaluated in this review include: nature viewing, outdoor walks, outdoor exercise and gardening. We characterize study design, modalities of stress measurements, and statistical estimates of effect and significance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and self-report measures provide the most convincing evidence that spending time in outdoor environments, particularly those with green space, may reduce the experience of stress, and ultimately improve health. More work is needed to understand effects of in situ modifications to outdoor environments on residents' stress response.

Does spending time outdoors reduce stress? A review of real-time stress response to outdoor environments