Geochemistry

Biology

Capillary pressure

Geotechnical engineering

Materials science

Geomorphology

Mineralogy

Oil shale

Imbibition

Permian

Botany

Geology

Porosity

Shale oil

Paleontology

Tight oil

Structural basin

Petrology

Organic chemistry

Porous medium

Composite material

Chemistry

Decane

Wetting

Germination

Marine and Petroleum Geology

Even after more than 30 years of exploration and production, low total recovery of shale gas (<30%) and tight oil (5%–10%) constrains sustainable shale hydrocarbon development in the United States. Since the Woodford Shale is one of the principal source rocks of the Permian Basin, West Texas, this study uses core samples of Woodford Shale from the Reliance Triple Crown (RTC) #1 well in Pecos County, Texas, to examine mineralogy, pore structure, wetting characteristics, imbibition behavior, and edge-accessible porosity with the following complementary tests: X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP), contact angle measurement of various fluids, fluid imbibition into initially-dry shale, and edge-accessible pore connectivity from vacuum saturation-high pressure impregnation with tracers-containing n-decane. The wettability and imbibition tests use both polar (hydrophilic, deionized water) and nonpolar (hydrophobic, n-decane) fluids. Our results indicate that Woodford Shale samples (Upper, Middle, and Lower Members) have different geologic (mineralogy) and reservoir (e.g., total organic carbon, porosity, and permeability) characteristics. MICP analyses show that the median pore-throat diameters for the Woodford Shale are 3.7–5.4 nm, and almost 70–80% of pore-throats by volume are smaller than 100 nm, with high tortuosity for fluid flow and mass movement. Spontaneous fluid imbibition into Woodford Shale exhibits imbibition slopes (from the plots of log imbibition vs. log time) close to ¼ for deionized water and ½ for n-decane, consistent with contact angle measurements that indicate a marginally water-wet, but very strong oil-wet, nature for these shales. Edge-accessible pore connectivity tests indicate that well-connected hydrophobic pore networks (primarily organic matter-hosted pores) have pore-throat sizes of approximately 5 nm and experience molecular entanglement with nm-sized tracers used in vacuum saturation tests. Our analyses suggest that the middle Woodford member will be the best interval for stimulation and hydrocarbon production. The findings from these complementary experimental approaches suggest low connectivity of tortuous nanopore networks and mixed-wet characteristics, which could have implications for total hydrocarbon recovery in Woodford Shale.

Pore structure, wettability, and spontaneous imbibition of Woodford Shale, Permian Basin, West Texas