Control engineering

Sociology

Business

Decoupling (probability)

Circular economy

Service (business)

Consumption (sociology)

Computer network

Mathematics

Social science

Biology

Engineering

Marketing

Environmental economics

Economics

Natural resource economics

Ecology

Resource (disambiguation)

Geometry

Resource consumption

Computer science

Sustainability

Product (mathematics)

Industrial organization

Commerce

Industrial ecology

Journal of Industrial Ecology

Product/service-systems (PSS) that focus on selling service and performance instead of products are often mentioned as means to realize a circular economy (CE), in which economic growth is decoupled from resource consumption. However, a PSS is no implicit guarantee for a CE, and CE strategies do not necessarily lead to decoupling economic growth from resource consumption in absolute terms. Absolute resource decoupling only occurs when the resource use declines, irrespective of the growth rate of the economic driver.Inthisforum paper,we propose a two-step framework that aims to support analyses of PSS and their potential to lead to absolute resource decoupling. In the ﬁrst step, we present four PSS enablers of relative resource reduction that qualify as CE strategies. In the second step, three subsequent requirements need to be met, in order to successfully achieve absolute resource decoupling. Conditions and limitations for this accomplishment are discussed. Danish textile cases are used to exemplify the framework elements and its application. We expect that the framework will challenge the debate on the necessary conditions for CE strategies to ensure absolute resource decoupling.

Product/Service‐Systems for a Circular Economy: The Route to Decoupling Economic Growth from Resource Consumption?