Quantum mechanics

Detector

Anisotropy

Energy spectrum

Cosmic ray

Astrophysics

Operating system

Computer science

Cosmic infrared background

Spectrum (functional analysis)

Cherenkov radiation

Physics

Optics

Astronomy

Telescope

Air shower

Cosmic microwave background

Cherenkov detector

Mode (computer interface)

Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray

The Astrophysical Journal

We report on a measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum by the Telescope Array Low-Energy Extension (TALE) air fluorescence detector. The TALE air fluorescence detector is also sensitive to the Cherenkov light produced by shower particles. Low energy cosmic rays, in the PeV energy range, are detectable by TALE as "Cherenkov Events". Using these events, we measure the energy spectrum from a low energy of $\sim 2$ PeV to an energy greater than 100 PeV. Above 100 PeV TALE can detect cosmic rays using air fluorescence. This allows for the extension of the measurement to energies greater than a few EeV. In this paper, we will describe the detector, explain the technique, and present results from a measurement of the spectrum using $\sim 1000$ hours of observation. The observed spectrum shows a clear steepening near $10^{17.1}$ eV, along with an ankle-like structure at $10^{16.2}$ eV. These features present important constraints on galactic cosmic rays origin and propagation models. The feature at $10^{17.1}$ eV may also mark the end of the galactic cosmic rays flux and the start of the transition to extra-galactic sources.

The Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum between 2 PeV and 2 EeV Observed with the TALE Detector in Monocular Mode