Quantum mechanics

Character (mathematics)

Engineering

Energy supply

Ecology

Biology

Statistics

Environmental economics

Microeconomics

Energy (signal processing)

Economics

Power (physics)

Computer science

Electricity generation

Grid

Physics

Renewable energy

Mathematics

Energy storage

Econometrics

Environmental science

Geometry

Wind power

Natural resource economics

Electricity

Production (economics)

Electrical engineering

Solar and wind energy are inherently time-varying sources of energy on scales from minutes to seasons. Thus, the incorporation of such intermittent and stochastic renewable energy systems (ISRES) into an electricity grid provides some new challenges in managing a stable and safe energy supply, in using energy storage and/or 'back-up' energy from other sources. In such cases, the ability to accurately forecast the output of “unpredictable” energy facilities is essential for ensuring an optimal management of the energy production means. This review syntheses the reasons to predict solar or wind fluctuations, it shows that variability and stochastic variation of renewable sources have a cost, sometimes high. It provides useful information on the intermittence cost and on the decreasing of this cost due to an efficient forecasting of the source fluctuation; this paper is for engineers and researchers who are not necessarily familiar with the issue of the notions of cost and economy and justify future investments in the ISRES production forecasting.

Intermittent and stochastic character of renewable energy sources: Consequences, cost of intermittence and benefit of forecasting