Catalysis

Ammonia

Selective catalytic reduction

Inorganic chemistry

Ammonium

Chabazite

Organic chemistry

Ammonium nitrate

Zeolite

Nitrite

Chemistry

Nitrate

Copper

Applied Catalysis B Environment and Energy

Mechanistic proposals for the different SCR subreactions are integrated into one surface reaction mechanism that describes the main SCR reactions (Standard SCR, Fast SCR, NO2 SCR), transient effects due to nitrate storage, as well as the production of the side product N2O over a copper chabazite catalyst. The mechanism is parameterised to steady state and transient experiments, and is shown to predict the behaviour of the catalyst during a driving cycle, without any refitting of kinetic parameters. A dual site approach is used, where site 1 accounts for the adsorbed ammonia that forms on the Brønsted acid sites and copper ions, while site 2 is a copper ion (Cu2+-OH) where nitrites and nitrates are adsorbed. All main SCR reactions proceed via a reaction between ammonia and nitrites (ammonium nitrite pathway) to produce nitrogen; nitrites are also the linking species between the Standard SCR and NO oxidation reactions. Reactions between nitrates and ammonia to produce ammonium nitrate are also included, along with ammonium nitrate decomposition pathways (i.e., via NO addition to feed). Additionally, a global reaction taking place between adsorbed ammonia and gaseous NO2 to produce N2 at low temperatures (< 250 °C) is added, to account for an observed reaction taking place on the copper-free zeolite. The mechanism was used to analyse the importance of nitrate formation during a standard driving cycle. Surprisingly, although a significant amount of inhibitive ammonium nitrate is modelled to form during low temperature Fast and NO2 SCR steady state experiments, almost no ammonium nitrate is predicted to form during the driving cycle, thus allowing for a higher reaction activity than predicted based on steady state data. From a modelling and catalyst testing perspective, this shows the importance of capturing the catalyst's transient behaviour rather than only steady state conditions, since steady state is not necessarily reached during practical driving scenarios.

Unified mechanistic model for Standard SCR, Fast SCR, and NO 2 SCR over a copper chabazite catalyst