Gene

Demography

Biology

Statistics

Computer science

Filter (signal processing)

Evolutionary biology

Genetics

Genetic structure

Mathematics

Sampling (signal processing)

Inference

Geographical distance

Overfitting

Population

Sociology

Artificial intelligence

Population genetics

Cluster analysis

Artificial neural network

Genetic variation

Computer vision

An important step in the analysis of genetic data is to describe and categorize natural variation. Individuals that live close together are, on average, more genetically similar than individuals sampled farther apart... A classic problem in population genetics is the characterization of discrete population structure in the presence of continuous patterns of genetic differentiation. Especially when sampling is discontinuous, the use of clustering or assignment methods may incorrectly ascribe differentiation due to continuous processes (e.g., geographic isolation by distance) to discrete processes, such as geographic, ecological, or reproductive barriers between populations. This reflects a shortcoming of current methods for inferring and visualizing population structure when applied to genetic data deriving from geographically distributed populations. Here, we present a statistical framework for the simultaneous inference of continuous and discrete patterns of population structure. The method estimates ancestry proportions for each sample from a set of two-dimensional population layers, and, within each layer, estimates a rate at which relatedness decays with distance. This thereby explicitly addresses the “clines versus clusters” problem in modeling population genetic variation, and remedies some of the overfitting to which nonspatial models are prone. The method produces useful descriptions of structure in genetic relatedness in situations where separated, geographically distributed populations interact, as after a range expansion or secondary contact. We demonstrate the utility of this approach using simulations and by applying it to empirical datasets of poplars and black bears in North America.

Inferring Continuous and Discrete Population Genetic Structure Across Space