Boundary layer

Physics

Internal medicine

Reynolds number

Mathematics

Mechanics

Boundary (topology)

Large eddy simulation

Statistical physics

Mathematical analysis

Turbulence

Eddy

Shock (circulatory)

Computer science

Medicine

Flow separation

Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has proven to be a computationally tractable approach to simulate unsteady turbulent flows. However, prohibitive resolution requirements induced by near-wall eddies in high-Reynolds number boundary layers necessitate the use of wall models or approximate wall boundary conditions. We review recent investigations in wall-modeled LES, including the development of novel approximate boundary conditions and the application of wall models to complex flows (e.g., boundary-layer separation, shock/boundary-layer interactions, transition). We also assess the validity of underlying assumptions in wall-model derivations to elucidate the accuracy of these investigations, and offer suggestions for future studies.

Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation for Complex Turbulent Flows