Geodesy

Natural rubber

Engineering

Vertical displacement

Elastomer

Geotechnical engineering

Materials science

Displacement (psychology)

Geomorphology

Lead (geology)

Computer science

Geology

Finite element method

Psychology

Psychotherapist

Artificial intelligence

Composite material

Structural engineering

Stiffness

Bearing (navigation)

Horizontal and vertical

This report presents an analytical and experimental investigation of the coupled horizontal-vertical response of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings focusing on the influence of lateral displacement on the vertical stiffness. Component testing was performed with reduced scale low-damping rubber (LDR) and lead-rubber (LR) bearings to determine the vertical stiffness at various lateral offsets. The numerical studies included finite element (FE) analysis of the reduced scale LDR bearing. The results of the experimental and FE investigations were used to evaluate three analytical formulations to predict the vertical stiffness at a given lateral displacement. The results of simulations performed with three components of excitation were used to evaluate an equivalent linear static (ELS) procedure for the estimation of the vertical load due to the vertical ground shaking. References, tables, and figures are included; the four accompanying appendices can be found in PDF on an accompanying CD-ROM.

A Study of the Coupled Horizontal-Vertical Behavior of Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings