Gender studies

Racism

Sociology

Consciousness

Politics

History

Epistemology

Lingua franca

Ethnic group

Philosophy

Political science

Anthropology

Melting pot

Tagalog

Linguistics

Philippine Studies Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints

This sequel to Forms of Consciousness in Noli me tangere turns to El Filibusterismo. The article shows that Rizal's new conception of Philippine society as a racial pyramid, pitting indios against chinos and Spaniards, produced an anti-Chinese racism absent in the Noli. It also shows Rizal's difficulties in coping with the Philippines' ethnolinguistic variety. A further section considers the reasons for the surprising poverty of the Fili's political vocabulary. Finally, attention is focused on Rizal's problems in locating a linguistic vehicle for effective communication among his countrymen. The Fili goes beyond the Noli's Spanish-Tagalog binary to introduce a hybrid, urban lingua franca.

Forms of Consciousness in El Filibusterismo