Marketing

Stock price

Engineering

Volatility (finance)

Stock (firearms)

Gold mining

Economics

Computer science

Geology

Business

Diversification (marketing strategy)

Physical chemistry

Paleontology

Mechanical engineering

Mining industry

Mining engineering

Monetary economics

Econometrics

Leverage (statistics)

Valuation (finance)

Series (stratigraphy)

Financial economics

Cash flow

Chemistry

Finance

Machine learning

The Journal of Finance

This paper studies the exposure of North American gold mining firms to changes in the price of gold. The average mining stock moves 2 percent for each 1 percent change in gold prices, but exposures vary considerably over time and across firms. As predicted by valuation models, gold firm exposures are significantly negatively related to the firm's hedging and diversification activities and to gold prices and gold return volatility, and are positively related to firm leverage. Simple discounted cash flow models produce useful exposure predictions but they systematically overestimate exposures, possibly due to their failure to reflect managerial flexibility.

The Determinants of Stock Price Exposure: Financial Engineering and the Gold Mining Industry