Accounting

Perspective (graphical)

Sociology

Business

Neuroscience

Perception

Social science

Social exchange theory

Political science

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Negotiation

Empowerment

Receipt

Public relations

Computer science

Social psychology

Human Relations

This paper proposes that the receipt of negotiating latitude and support for self-worth from superiors empowers subordinates by increasing their perceptions of control. Subordinates reciprocate by performing in accordance with supervisory preferences. Additionally, superiors who utilize empowering leadership practices are predicted to be viewed as fair by subordinates. The results from the analysis of data collected from 92 superior-subordinate dyads support these hypotheses. The implications of empowerment for management are discussed.

Leadership and Empowerment: A Social Exchange Perspective