Negotiation

Receipt

Neuroscience

Social psychology

Social exchange theory

Public relations

Accounting

Computer science

Business

Empowerment

Psychology

Political science

Sociology

Artificial intelligence

Perspective (graphical)

Perception

Social science

Human Relations

This paper proposes that the receipt of negotiating latitude and support for self-worth from superiors empowers subordinates by increasing their perceptions of control. Subordinates reciprocate by performing in accordance with supervisory preferences. Additionally, superiors who utilize empowering leadership practices are predicted to be viewed as fair by subordinates. The results from the analysis of data collected from 92 superior-subordinate dyads support these hypotheses. The implications of empowerment for management are discussed.

Leadership and Empowerment: A Social Exchange Perspective