spinal cord

neuronal apoptosis

cerebral artery occlusion

experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

expression levels

blood-brain barrier

traumatic brain injury

astrocytes

Neuropharmacology

Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major constituent of licorice root and has been suggested to inhibit the release of high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a protein considered representative of damage-associated molecular patterns. We found that GL bound HMGB1 but not RAGE with a moderate equilibrium dissociation constant value based on surface plasmon resonance analysis. This complex formation prevented HMGB1 from binding to RAGE in vitro. The effects of glycyrrhizin on traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by fluid percussion were examined in rats or mice in the present study. GL was administered intravenously after TBI. Treatment of rats with GL dose-dependently suppressed the increase in BBB permeability and impairment of motor functions, in association with the inhibition of HMGB1 translocation in neurons in injured sites. The beneficial effects of GL on motor and cognitive functions persisted for 7 days after injury. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in injured sites was completely inhibited by GL treatment. In RAGE−/− mice, the effects of GL were not observed. These results suggested that GL may be a novel therapeutic agent for TBI through its interference with HMGB1 and RAGE interaction.

Glycyrrhizin inhibits traumatic brain injury by reducing HMGB1–RAGE interaction