Physics

Sociology

Movement (music)

Politics

Algorithm

Aesthetics

Neoliberalism (international relations)

Social movement

Welfare state

Philosophy

Political economy

Political science

Economics

Countermovement

Computer science

Jump

Quantum mechanics

State (computer science)

Economic system

Social movement studies

This paper reformulates and extends Polanyi's main insights in The Great Transformations (2001 [1944]) and attempts to theorize the societal countermovement against neoliberalism by illustrating the cases of Korea and Japan. Polanyi's main approach was to synthesize three critical domains: the state, market, and society, and his notion of double movement should be understood as such. Predicated on his double movement, I analytically decompose the mechanism of societal countermovement, emphasizing the importance of social organizations that aggregate people's insecurities and translate them into a political voice capable of acquiring social protection. Applying this analytical framework of the double movement to Korea and Japan reveals that the problem with the conventional understanding of the double movement is that it necessarily arrives at social compensation equilibrium. This paper implies that a highly contentious society, like Korea's, and a highly docile society, like Japan's, may both hinder social welfare provision.

Polanyi's Double Movement and Neoliberalization in Korea and Japan