Engineering

Materials science

Range (aeronautics)

Limit (mathematics)

Physics

Mathematics

Triboelectric effect

Mathematical analysis

Composite material

Contact electrification

Electrification

Electricity

Optoelectronics

Insulator (electricity)

Electrical engineering

Electrical conductor

Engineering physics

Journal of Electrostatics

A general surface state model for sphere-sphere contact charging is suggested from which the familiar low and high density limits are derived. Such a model is applicable to electrophotographic toner-carrier charging experiments. The model is tested against an extended set of toner-carrier charging data gathered from the literature covering a wide range of material properties. In addition, data are reported for the special case of a conductive carrier and an insulating negative charging toner. These results show that the majority of the data agree with the high density limit of the model.

General model of sphere-sphere insulator contact electrification