Psychometrics of the PHQ-9 as a measure of depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure

Depression in patients with heart failure commonly goes undiagnosed and untreated. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a simple, valid measure of depressive symptoms that may facilitate clinical assessment. It has not been validated in patients with heart failure.To test the reliability, and concurrent and construct validity of the PHQ-9 in patients with heart failure.A total of 322 heart failure patients (32% female, 61 ± 12 years,...