Physics

Global illumination

Optics

Computer graphics (images)

Filter (signal processing)

Visibility

Pixel

Shader

Artificial intelligence

Refraction

Programming language

Rendering (computer graphics)

Aliasing

Computer science

Reflection (computer programming)

Computer vision

Communications of the ACM

To accurately render a two-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene, global illumination information that affects the intensity of each pixel of the image must be known at the time the intensity is calculated. In a simplified form, this information is stored in a tree of “rays” extending from the viewer to the first surface encountered and from there to other surfaces and to the light sources. A visible surface algorithm creates this tree for each pixel of the display and passes it to the shader. The shader then traverses the tree to determine the intensity of the light received by the viewer. Consideration of all of these factors allows the shader to accurately simulate true reflection, shadows, and refraction, as well as the effects simulated by conventional shaders. Anti-aliasing is included as an integral part of the visibility calculations. Surfaces displayed include curved as well as polygonal surfaces.

An improved illumination model for shaded display