Linguistics

Philosophy

Extant taxon

Biology

Construct (python library)

Convergence (economics)

Economics

Computer science

Phenomenon

Management science

Symbolic convergence theory

Evolutionary biology

Cognitive science

Computer network

Bridging (networking)

Divergence (linguistics)

Psychology

Epistemology

Sociology

Programming language

Economic growth

Terminology

Journal of Organizational Behavior

Summary In reaction to the growing attention to connecting individual‐level and unit‐level constructs, we first briefly review emergence terminology and theories that address the dynamic process by which a higher‐level phenomenon emerges from lower‐level elements. Next, we review the extant theory and research on emergence and convergence in organization science using an organizing framework that simultaneously considers the content area of lower‐level elements, the emergent factors, and the target of the emergent property. In addition to organizing and bridging current literature on emergence and convergence, gaps of existing research and new directions for future research, including compilation and divergence, are identified. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Convergence and emergence in organizations: An integrative framework and review