The Janus-faced nature of time spent on homework: Using latent profile analyses to predict academic achievement over a school year

Homework time and achievement are only modestly associated, whereas homework effort has consistently been shown to positively predict later achievement. We argue that time spent on homework can be an important predictor of achievement when combined with measures of homework effort. Latent profile analyses were applied to a longitudinal data set with 1915 eighth-grade students who had been surveyed on their homework behavior in French as a second...