Robot

Engineering

Artificial intelligence

Physics

Impedance control

Image manipulation

Contact force

Visual control

Image (mathematics)

Quantum mechanics

Control system

Computer science

Electrical engineering

Electrical impedance

Computer vision

IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering

In this paper, an image-based impedance control strategy for force tracking of an unmanned aerial manipulator (UAM) is presented. Firstly, image features with nice decoupling characteristics are designed and the relationship between the camera motion and the image features is derived. Then, a two-stage strategy is proposed to achieve force tracking of the UAM on a planar object in an arbitrary pose. The first stage drives the end-effector perpendicular to the object's planer surface by pure visual servoing. To achieve force tracking under the visual guidance, an adaptive visual impedance control method which adjusts the target stiffness according to the force tracking error and the visual feature error is proposed in the second stage. The closed-loop system is proved asymptotically stable by means of Lyapunov analysis. Further, the stability in free flight phase of the stage two is also analyzed and ensured. Finally, experiments were carried out including a whiteboard cleaning task in different poses. The experimental results illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Note to Practitioners—This work is motivated by the contact force tracking problem of an unmanned aerial manipulator (UAM) without the position measurement. In recent years, impedance control is widely used in force tracking problems. However, position measurement is needed both for the robot and the object in most studies. To generate desired force under visual guidance, image-based visual servoing is combined with a novel impedance controller with variable stiffness. The idea is intuitive. For a human in contact with a wall, the contact force is controlled by adjusting his arm stiffness, which means the stiffness is adapted to the difference between the desired and actual contact force. Furthermore, the stiffness is also adapted to the visual tracking error, removing the assumption that no tracking error is in the inner loop of the impedance controller in the previous works. The proposed strategy is a promising solution for real applications and is validated by a board cleaning experiment in this paper.

Image-Based Visual Impedance Force Control for Contact Aerial Manipulation